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IEEE Spectrum13 July 2026

Building a Foundation Stack for General-Purpose Robots

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IEEE Spectrum

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Executive Briefing & Key Highlights

This article is brought to you by X Square Robot. Large language models gave artificial intelligence a working recipe. Pretrain a large model on broad data, and general capability follows. Robotics has no such recipe. Robotics systems have long been assembled from separate perception, planning, and control parts that rarely add up to intelligence a robot can carry from one task to another, or one

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